Henry Ford Wyandotte Hospital Future Directives On Healthcare

Henry Ford Wyandotte Hospital Future Directives on Healthcare The trend for health care and hospitals is a movement towards a larger outpatient system of care while lowering the number of inpatient admissions. The health care system has made small changes towards this type of service for about a decade. Henry Ford Wyandotte Hospital should continue these efforts and implement the use of the Patient-centered medical home model. This model concentrates on patient care with a comprehensive, total patient care strategy, while lowering the incidence of emergency room use and lowering the number of times a patient is admitted to the hospital (Robeznieks, 2015). The health care team will evaluate the patient, monitor their condition while educating them about their specific needs and how to provide their own self-care at home. This model will be widely used in the future and it is something that we want to make available to the patients who participate in our health care system. It has been shown that this health care model will benefit the patient and save money for the health care system. Financially, this system has been shown to be beneficial to the insurance company, the hospital, and the patient. Medicare has led the movement towards change in how we service our patients, and with the new ACA opening up to more individuals, Medicaid is leading the way towards a total comprehensive service model with efforts included such as transportation to and from appointments,

The Mental Illness of Schizophrenia - 2374 Words

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by psychosis , apathy and social withdrawal in combination with cognitive impairment, abnormalities that cause substantial disruptions in performance work , school, family and recreation. Among psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia is the most disabling disease and demand a disproportionate amount of resources to health . However, there have been considerable advances in the treatment and at present many sufferers can lead a reasonably normal life. The estimated annual incidence is 0.2 to 0.4 by 1000. The frequency of schizophrenia is similar in both sexes but in women tends to occur later and present a more benign course, probably due to the effect of estrogen on D2 receptors. Substantial changes are recorded in the prevalence and incidence of the disease from one country to another and between different cultures, but the differences are reduced if strict diagnostic criteria are applied. The core symptoms include difficulty for thought, decreased affection, loss of behavioral or mixed emotions directed by conflicting impulses, and autism. Schizophrenia is characterized by three major types of clinical manifestations: psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. The former include the loss of contact with reality, including false thoughts (delusions) and hallucinations, among others. Psychotic symptoms tend to occur in episodes. Negative symptoms are deficit states in which the processes of basicShow MoreRelatedIs Schizophrenia A Mental Illness?1726 Words   |  7 Pages SCHIZOPHRENIA Kennya Castro â€Æ' Schizophrenia is a mental illness that plagues about 1 out of every 100 Americans. Despite this fact, most of the general public remains ignorant to the basic pathology of the disease and the mechanisms of identifying and treating it. It is considered by some to be a â€Å"scary† mental illness and is often ignored, when compared to the other equally serious and caustic ones like Generalized Anxiety Disorder (also referred to as GAD), ADHD, and Chronic Depression. ThisRead MoreThe Mental Illness Of Schizophrenia1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdictionary describes mental illnesses as â€Å"any of a broad range of medical conditions that are marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, or emotions to impair normal psychological functioning and cause marked distress or disability and that are typically associated with a disruption in normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, interpersonal interactions, or daily functioning.† Today almost more than sixty million people in America have some form of mental illness, but only fewRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, decision making, and relate to others. It’s a long-term medical illness affecting 1% of Americans. The causes of schizophrenia include genetics, environment, brain chemistry, and substance abuse. Schizophrenia occurs roughly in 10%of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder such as a parent or sibling. (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | What is SchizophreniaRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness1538 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental illness that is in a very small amount of the population, 1 in 100 people (1% of the population). Symptoms of schizophrenia include, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, not much emotion if any is present, as well as speech and socializations issues. Ways to treat schizophrenia are very limited to antipsychotic drugs and therapy. Although there is not o ne cause to this illness found, there are many factors that explain the cause or result in havingRead MoreImproving Schizophrenia With Mental Illness1591 Words   |  7 PagesImproving Schizophrenia with Risperdal Mental illness affects millions of people every day. One of the most debilitating forms of mental illness is schizophrenia. The Oxford dictionary defines schizophrenia as; A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentationRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder Of Mental Illness?809 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of mental illness. Another way to describe this disorder is to lost the touch with reality. Schizophrenia is less common than any other mental disorder; therefore, treatments can be different. This disease is likely to occur between age of 16 to 30, or may develops in children if problem occurs during the birth. In that regard, a person with the schizophrenia suffers six months or a month or less, if proper treatments given. One of theRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness1388 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a â€Å"serious mental disorder characterised by severe disruptions in psychological functioning and a loss of contact with reality† (Meldrum Wilson, 2009). The main question that arises from the many studies looking at schizophrenia and violence is does schizophrenia itself make an individual violent or are there other factors from the mental illness that contribute to this? According to Fazel, Guati, Linsell, Geddes and Grahn (2009), before the 1980’s many people made no connectionRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Serious Mental Illness?934 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others. It is a complex, long-term medical illness Affects about 1% of Americans. The average age of onset tends to be in the late teens to the early 20s for men, and the late 20s to early 30s for women. Patho We do not completely understand the patho of the disease however, Neuroimaging studies show differences between the brainsRead MoreSchizophrenia: A Chronic Mental Illness2452 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stress serves as a major risk and complicating factor for any illness, regardless of presenting symptoms (Elliott and Einsdorfer 1982; Hatfield and Lefley 2007; Nicholson and Neufeld 2002). For a chronic mental illness as complex as schizophrenia, the impact of environmental stress is particularly important to consider. The Stress-Diathesis Model (or Vulnerability Stress Model) places schizophrenia in the context of both biological and environmental (psychosocial) risk factors (ZubinRead MoreSchizophrenia: Categorizing Mental Illness2043 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Mental illnesses have been recognized and acknowledged for thousands of years, but the way they had once been treated and handled differ from the way they are dealt with today. There was a point in time where all mental illnesses were thought of as one and they were treated in a similar way. Many theories were associated with the cause of these mental disorders and many of them today are deemed as obnoxious. Emil Kraeplin, a German physician was one of the first to categorize mental disorders

Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonists and Addiction †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonists and Addiction. Answer: Introduction The simulated program pharmacological trials on the sampled guinea pig small intestine was one of the effective item in comprehending the major methods and the difference between the agonist which was starting the response with receptor and antagonist which on the other hand inhibits the physiological impact of the other substance and their duty in connection with the smooth muscle of the ileum of guinea pig (Muise et al., 2017). The smooth muscles of the guinea pig are made up of contractile features which allow the reading to be noted through contractions stirred by the muscle. The main objective of the simulated experiment is to examine the pharmacological implications of actions in a provided test compound NS-009 on the contractility of the sampled ileum of the guinea pig following the procedure of drug evaluation. In addition, the ileum of the guinea pig is important intestine components which have epithelial layers that have a role in the uptake of water and nutrients (Amer et al., 2015). The present receptors in the ileum of the guinea pig encompass histaminergic, cholinergic and serotonergic receptors (Muise et al., 2017). The magnitude of the responses within each receptor will because of the varying receptors in the ileum. Consequently, varying agonistic compounds will act on one or several receptors to induce a needed response. Furthermore, contrary to the agonist, the antagonist substance will hinder the response evoked by the agonist. The simulated experiment was employed in combination with the software package; the pharmacological experiments on the sampled ileum of the Guinea pig replication program. The experiment setup of the sample which was 2cm in length was simulated by the software package and suspended in a warm tyrode solution. Lever, organ bath and transducer was employed in the investigation in an aim to suspend the tissues and also to respond to the contractions and also the electrical signals from resulting movement s recorded by the transducer. However, it was very necessary to use chart recorder meant for showing the signals, the water jacket meant to ensure the consistent circulation of warm water to retain the temperatures at 370C and different agonistic and antagonistic drugs which were needed in the experiment. Ileum should be carefully sampled and appropriately suspended in a warm tyrode solution and adequate handling should be done to reduce the contamination and soft tissues. Suspension of the tissues in organ bath should be in such a way that its bottom end is fixed to a height which could be maintained. The top part of the tissues should be put to sampled isotonic solution lever which is linked to the transducer. The electrical signals conveyed to the graph was observed subsequently to each and every contraction. The organ bath ought was maintained at 370C to reduce any possible errors Before the experiment was done, there should be a full knowledge of agonistic and antagonistic substances. There should be appropriate simulations done in order to comprehend the maximum ceiling dose. The process can be attained by a restricted dose of agonist drug applied to the ileum and progressively increasing the dose until the maximum reaction (ceiling response) that an agonist can induce. The submaximal response of agonist should be selected and reproduced it making sure to save the recording. The experiment aimed at finding out the pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of a certain test of the compound on the sampled guinea pig's ileum. In the graph at figure 1, the test compound NS-009 has no impact on contractility of guinea pig ileum due to its noncompetitive action. It has no any effect in the absence of the agonist and that is the reason there is no increase or decrease in contractility In graph 2 there were some agonist substances which were implemented to cause contraction and for this case is acetylcholine;ACh (Viana et al., 2013). It is clear from the contractions that the impacts of acetylcholine; a nicotinic receptor evoke and increases reactions and because it lacks a competitor in its receptors, the contractility increases rapidly (Syverud et al., 2016). In graph 3, when compound NS-009 is introduced to Ach it prevents its receptors producing non-competitive antagonists of ACh, thus the contractility is reduced drastically. (Badavi et al., 2013).The utilization of the agonist test compounds in the experiment had a big role in starting the physiological response at a particular dose (Moreira and Dalley, 2015). Reference list Amer, M.I.M., Omar, O.H., Hamed, M.E.S. and Dahroug, E.G., 2015. Subendometrial blood flow changes by 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound after hysteroscopic lysis of severe intrauterine adhesions: preliminary study.Journal of minimally invasive gynecology,22(3), pp.495-500. Badavi, M., Abedi, H. A., Sarkaki, A. R., Dianat, M. (2013). Co-administration of grape seed extract and exercise training improves endothelial dysfunction of coronary vascular bed of stz-induced diabetic rats.Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal,15(10). Moreira, F.A. and Dalley, J.W., 2015. Dopamine receptor partial agonists and addiction.European journal of pharmacology,752, pp.112-115. Muise, E.D., Gandotra, N., Tackett, J.J., Bamdad, M.C. and Cowles, R.A., 2017. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the murine small intestine.Life sciences,169, pp.6-10 Syverud, B.C., VanDusen, K.W. and Larkin, L.M., 2016. Growth Factors for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering.Cells Tissues Organs,202(3-4), pp.169-179. Viana, T.G., Almeida?Santos, A.F., Aguiar, D.C. and Moreira, F.A., 2013. Effects of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic, on the motor alterations induced by acute ethanol administration in mice.Basic clinical pharmacology toxicology,112(5), pp.319-324.

Concept of Education and Social Development-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Summary on the Concept of Education and Social Development and the International Strategies for Economic Collaboration Reform. Answer: Summary: This summary reproduces the concept of education and social development and the international strategies for economic collaboration reform. This conference was hold in Malaysia where Dr. Francisco represented India and gave his present his speech in an interesting way inform of the Honourable Deputy Minister of Malaysia and the Honourable Secretary General of the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia. Speech of Dr. Francisco: Dr. Francisco, professor and researcher of the World Bank, discussed about the stimulating educational and social development and the role of higher education institutions during the fourth industrial revolution. For this discussion, he pointed out some challenges that might affect higher educational system, all over the world in future and for this, he suggested to think with modern concept. The first part was discussed about the problems that higher education faced and the solution was difficult to achieve. Hence, at first, Dr. Francisco raised a question that whether higher education is good investment and for this, he did a periodic analysis in the World Bank about the economic return from education. Form his finding Dr. Francisco stated that higher education is a part of entire educational system and the economic returns is high. Hence, it is good to invest in higher education. However, there were some portions in the world, especially the Middle East and Northern Africa, where that economical return faced some challenges. Decreasing returns from higher education was the challenge that happened due to two potential reasons. The first reason was increasing supply of higher educated people that an economy could not utilise fully and second reason was decreasing demand for higher educated people due to lack of skills. In this context, Dr. Francisco gave an example of Angelo, who was the tourist guide in India but had the ability to become an economist. He also pointed out some other examples from rest of the world to highlight the negative economic returns of investment from higher education. Thus, it was important for him to indentify loopholes of educational system all over the world, as it is a global issue. In this context, Dr. Francisco told to think practically about those issues, as many jobs would be omitted in future for robots. Higher education is not only concerned about money or economic returns, but more than that. It helpes to develop a society by making citizenship, preparing new thinkers and building leaders for the society, which would lead everyone to think beyond traditional concepts of higher education. Hence, higher education is not only depending on money, rather it helpes to build a society with informed citizen, who further makes a developed community with more tolerance. However, in general, people did not think about those impacts of higher education and gave importance on investment of money from economic point of view. To analyse this view, Francisco took help of the World Development Report of the World Bank where he proved the social benefits of higher education. According to the report, among the total percentage of population, who believed on democracy, importance of democracy was greatly understood by those people, who had higher educational knowledge. According to other example, the ministry of Higher Education in South Africa informed that higher education was the last step of a formal educational system, where a country could get the opportunity to build a future generation with tolerance and awareness. To describe this situation, Francisco took the example of his own country, Mexico, where people got elementary education and for this reason, they could not adopt diversity due to lack of tolerance. Thus, higher education is not all about money rather it is the last resort for a country to provide for its future generation the capacity to understand other nations. The basic responsibility of a higher educational institute is to generate responsibilities among future generations about their own communities and for this those institutions needs to act as a role model. However, instead of those challenges, present and future environment is going to be very helpful for higher educational system but at the same time, it is important to face the challenges that how those transformations would affect higher education. The total number of enrolment for higher education is increasing significantly, all over the world. But there are some countries, especially low-income countries, where people get less benefits from higher income. Hence, for those underdeveloped countries, benefits received from economic point of view are more important than social benefits. Thus, it is important to break this discrepancy among countries to attain almost an equal global society. According to him, the government, higher educational institutions and people with higher education should take the responsibility to break that marginalisation. As higher education provides various facilities, it is a basic privilege for everyone. However, there are many poor countries, which cann ot access this privilege. Hence, it is the basic responsibility for all to decrease the gap between people, who are accessing higher education and who cannot get this opportunity. In this context, he took the suggestion of Stephan Kreisel that in 21st century, people could face a different society hence it was important to guide technologies to achieve better benefits. According to him, there were many people, who complained against higher educational institutions that those did not follow their role within a community, properly. However, there were various ways by which the improvement could be achieved. For these, people should connect higher educational institutions with their society and with other higher educational institutions. Thus, a huge correction within a higher educational institution was needed. Moreover, those institutions required to make more changes to become transparent, accountable and needed to become open to accept social challenges. Thus, a big question about those institutions had risen regarding their quality, relevance, what students were learning and how those learning were related with practical world. Hence, he suggested that some skills should be taught in higher education institutions, including Malaysia, and the government of the country and those institutions would take initiative to teach those fundamental skills f or making better future generation. Those skills were reliability, flexibility and integrity.

Martian Chronicles Essays - Fiction, Science Fiction,

Martian Chronicles Ray Bradbury's the Martian Chronicles is a futuristic story about space travel, invasion and planet colonization. Analyzing characters in this twenty-eight-chapter novel is extremely difficult because every chapter includes different characters, which are oriented to form the plot. Each chapter's characters are used to show the founding of the planet Mars, the colonization of it, the destruction of Earth and almost the whole human race, and finally the rebuilding of the human civilization on Mars. The story starts off in the year of 1999 and ends twenty-seven years later in 2026. Ray Bradbury doesn't just tell his story from the point of view of the space travelers and the colonizers, but from angry Martians who were trying to kill the humans or Martians later on who were just having a conversation with a human about Mars, also people seeing the great colonial change happen. Captain Wilder was the captain of the fourth expedition to Mars from Earth. The three expeditions before had failed because either the Martians tricked and killed the earthlings or the earth people were thought of as mentally ill and sent to a hospital on Mars. Later on in the story when there are towns on Mars, the very few Martians are not discriminated against because the people on Mars were kind people who were in search of new things and seeing Martians was rare. Luckily the minor human sickness, chicken pox, had killed off most of the Martians accidentally. Captain Wilder and his crew explored the planet and responded to Earth to say that the missions were successful, and with only a few complications. Captain Wilder with his Crew of Jeff Spender, Hathaway, Sam Parkhill, Cheroke, Gibbs and a few other men help begin to portray the theme of the story, by finding Mars and seeing that it was safe (this was in the beginning of the story, but in the last several chapters they are brought back as veterans of Mars when it is deserted). The theme is that humans are not a great race of colonizers, but they are really just destructive. All that was left for Earth to do was send the settlers to colonize Mars. Jeff Spender was a very quiet fellow; the crew called him, "the Lonely One." When Jeff reached Mars, he was outraged on how humans had killed this Martian race by a measly child irritation to some children. He left the group and learned as much as he could about their language and culture. Eventually Jeff became angry with humans because he knew what they would do to what was left of the alien culture when they colonize Mars. He said that unlike humans this race did not ask why we are here, they just enjoyed and basked in the rays of life. The Martian culture was magnificent and Jeff did not want it to be destroyed. Therefore his goal was not to let anyone colonize Mars. Jeff went back to Wilder's camp and shot Gibbs whom he greatly disliked because of his immature enmity towards the Martian culture. He then shot four more men who were eating lunch peacefully. Captain Wilder was a very serious and staid figure and also a good friend of Jeff Spender. Jeff thought that Wilder would understand his reasoning, but he was wrong. Wilder did not like that Jeff had killed his buddies and coworkers. Eventually after a long chase through the thin air of Mars, Wilder talked it over with Spender, but obviously they did not agree over this matter. This external conflict was solved and finished when Jeff was finally shot before he could stop the colonization of Mars by killing all space travelers. Captain Wilder's expedition was successful. After this mission was complete, Captain Wilder was sent with his crew to Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune for exploring. "I heard they had kicked you upstairs so you wouldn't interfere with colonial policy here on Mars," exclaimed Mr. Hathaway in 2026 after meeting up again with Captain Wilder. Captain Wilder had not changed since that fourth expedition to Mars; he was still the same serious and adventurous character, except a little older of course. Captain Wilder and his crew, Mr. Hathaway and his family, two other people left who did not go back to Earth and another family were the only people left on Mars. They were in charge of rebuilding the human race on Mars because the Earth was being destroyed in a twenty-year world war. Human civilization was starting all over again. This book is

Gerrymandering - Definition and Examples in Politics

Gerrymandering s in Politics Gerrymandering is the act of drawing congressional, state legislative or other political boundaries to favor a political party or one particular candidate for elected office. The purpose of gerrymandering is to grant one party power over another by creating districts that hold dense concentrations of voters who are favorable to their policies. Impact The physical impact of gerrymandering can be seen on any map of congressional districts. Many boundaries zig and zag east and west, north and south across city, township and county lines as if for no reason at all. But the political impact is much more significant. Gerrymandering reduces the number of competitive congressional races across the United States by segregating like-minded voters from each other. Gerrymandering has become common in American politics and is often blamed for the gridlock in Congress, polarization of the electorate and disenfranchisement among voters. President Barack Obama, speaking in his final State of the Union address in 2016, called on both the Republican and Democratic parties to end the practice. â€Å"If we want a better politics, it’s not enough just to change a congressman or change a senator or even change a president. We have to change the system to reflect our better selves. I think weve got to end the practice of drawing our congressional districts so that politicians can pick their voters, and not the other way around. Let a bipartisan group do it.† In the end, though, most cases of gerrymandering are legal.   Harmful Effects Gerrymandering  often leads to disproportionate politicians from one party being elected to office. And it creates districts of voters who are socioeconomically, racially or politically alike so that members of Congress are safe from potential challengers and, as a result, have little reason to compromise with their colleagues from the other party.   The process is marked by secrecy, self-dealing and backroom logrolling among elected officials. The public is largely shut out of the process, wrote  Erika L. Wood, the director of the Redistricting Representation Project at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. In the 2012 congressional elections, for example, Republicans won 53 percent of the popular vote but carried three out of four House seats in states where they oversaw redistricting. The same was true for Democrats. In states where they controlled the process of drawing congressional district boundaries, they captured seven out of 10 seats with only 56 percent of the popular vote. Any Laws Against It? The U.S. Supreme Court, ruling in 1964, called for a fair and equitable distribution of voters among congressional districts, but its ruling dealt mostly with the actual number of voters in each and whether they were rural or urban, not the partisan or racial makeup of each: Since the achieving of fair and effective representation for all citizens  is concededly the basic aim of legislative apportionment, we conclude that the Equal Protection Clause guarantees the opportunity for equal participation by all voters in the election of state legislators. Diluting the weight of votes because of place of residence impairs basic constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment just as much as invidious discriminations based upon factors such as race  or economic status. The federal Voting Rights Act of 1965  took on the issue of using race as a factor in drawing congressional districts, saying it is illegal to deny minorities their constitutional right  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice.† The law  was designed to end discrimination against black Americans, particularly those in the South after the Civil War. A state may take race into account as one of several factors when drawing district lines- but without a compelling reason, race cannot be the predominant reason for a district’s shape, according to the Brennan Center for Justice. The Supreme Court followed up in 2015 by saying states could form independent, nonpartisan commissions to redraw legislative and congressional boundaries. How It Happens Attempts to gerrymander happen only once a decade and soon after years ending in a zero. That’s because states are required by law to redraw all 435 congressional and legislative boundaries based on the decennial census every 10 years. The redistricting process begins soon after the U.S. Census Bureau completes its work and begins sending data back to the states. Redistricting must be completed in time for the 2012 elections. Redistricting is one of the most important processes in American politics. The way congressional and legislative boundaries are drawn determines who wins federal and state elections, and ultimately which political party holds the power in making crucial policy decisions. Gerrymandering is not hard,  Sam Wang, the founder of Princeton Universitys Election Consortium, wrote in 2012. He continued: The core technique is to jam voters likely to favor your opponents into a few throwaway districts where the other side will win lopsided victories, a strategy known as packing. Arrange other boundaries to win close victories, cracking opposition groups into many districts. Examples The most concerted effort to redraw political boundaries to benefit a political party in modern history happened after the 2010 census. The project, orchestrated by Republicans using sophisticated software and about $30 million, was called  REDMAP, for Redistricting Majority Project. The program began with successful efforts to regain majorities in key states including  Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, North Carolina, Florida, and Wisconsin. Republican strategist Karl Rove wrote in The Wall Street Journal before the midterm elections in 2010: The political world is fixated on whether this years elections will deliver an epic rebuke of President Barack Obama and his party. If that happens, it could end up costing Democrats congressional seats for a decade to come. He was right. The Republican victories in statehouses across the country allowed the GOP in those states to then control the redistricting process taking effect in 2012 and shape congressional races, and ultimately policy, until the next census in 2020.   Who is Responsible? Both major political parties are responsible for the misshapen legislative and congressional districts in the United States. In most cases, the process of drawing congressional and legislative boundaries is left to state legislatures. Some states impanel special commissions. Some redistricting commissions are expected to resist political influence and act independently from the parties and the elected officials in that state. But not all. Here’s a breakdown of who is responsible for redistricting in each state: State legislatures: In 30 states, the elected state lawmakers are responsible for drawing their own legislative districts and in 31 states the boundaries for the congressional districts in their states, according to the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University’s School of Law. The governors in most of those states have the authority to veto the plans. The states that allow their legislatures to perform the redistricting are: AlabamaDelaware (Legislative districts only)FloridaGeorgiaIllinoisIndianaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine (Congressional districts only)MarylandMassachusettsMinnesotaMissouri (Congressional districts only)North CarolinaNorth Dakota (Legislative districts only)NebraskaNew HampshireNew MexicoNevadaOklahomaOregonRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota (Legislative districts only)TennesseeTexasUtahVirginiaWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming (Legislative districts only) Independent commissions: These apolitical panels are used in four states to redraw legislative districts. To keep politics and the potential for gerrymandering out of the process, state lawmakers and public officials are prohibited from serving on the commissions. Some states also prohibit legislative staffers and lobbyists, as well. The four states that employ independent commissions are: ArizonaCaliforniaColoradoMichigan Advisory commissions: Four states use and advisory commission consisting of a mix of legislators and non-legislators to draw up congressional maps that are then presented to the legislature for a vote. Six states use advisory commissions to draw state legislative districts. The states that use advisory commissions are: ConnecticutIowaMaine (Legislative districts only)New YorkUtahVermont (Legislative districts only) Politician commissions: Ten states create panels made up of state lawmakers and other elected officials to redraw their own legislative boundaries. While these states take redistricting out of the hands of the entire legislature, the process is highly political, or partisan, and often results in gerrymandering districts. The 10 states that use politician commissions are: Alaska (Legislative districts only)Arkansas (Legislative districts only)HawaiiIdahoMissouriMontana (Legislative districts only)New JerseyOhio (Legislative districts only)Pennsylvania (Legislative districts only)Washington Why Is It Called Gerrymandering? The term gerrymander is derived from the name of a Massachusetts governor in the early 1800s, Elbridge Gerry. Charles Ledyard Norton, writing in the 1890 book  Political Americanisms, blamed Gerry for signing into a law a bill in 1811 readjusting the representative districts so as to favor the Democrats and weaken the Federalists, although the last named party polled nearly two-thirds of the votes cast. Norton explained the emergence of the epithet gerrymander this way: A fancied resemblance of a map of the districts thus treated led [Gilbert] Stuart, the painter, to add a few lines with his pencil, and to say to Mr. [Benjamin] Russell, editor of the Boston Centinel, That will do for a salamander. Russell glanced at it: Salamander! said he, Call it a Gerrymander! The epithet took at once and became a Federalist war-cry, the map caricature being published as a campaign document. The late William Safire, a political columnist and linguist for  The New York Times, made note of the words pronunciation in his 1968 book  Safires New Political Dictionary: Gerrys name was pronounced with a hard  g; but because of the similarity of the word with jerrybuilt (meaning rickety, no connection with gerrymander) the letter  g  is pronounced as  j.

E-commerce security and fraud protection Term Paper

E-commerce security and fraud protection - Term Paper Example E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services by via electronic platforms such as the Internet and other computer-based networks (Schneider, 2011). It has grown to be a necessary tool for efficiency in business. However, this platform has been faced with a myriad of challenges with Moftah, Abdullah and Hawedi (2012) indicating that the problems relate to consumers’ protection in their transactions which call for trust and privacy across the different geographical locations. Mohapatra (2013) argues that e-commerce transactions have been constrained by security, with consumers wary of the privacy of their personal information and the use of credit cards to make online purchases. The increased use of mobile devices has even further complicated security provision in e-commerce. Thus, a secured system would be needed to enhance e-commerce growth. E-commerce is online, thus accessible to the general public. The increase in cyber crime has also seen an increase in security threats in e-commerce. According to Mohapatra (2013), amounts reported globally, largely from frauds and hacking in e-commerce, stand at over $ 388 billion per year. As such, e-commerce has suffered the resultant liabilities, loss of trust and additional cost for clean-up. This calls for an effective security systems that would protect consumers and merchants from such losses. According to Schneider (2011), such a system would be pegged on a complex interaction of several database management systems, applications development platforms, network infrastructure and systems software. This encompasses preservation of integrity, confidentiality and availability of computer and data resources, referred to as the security triad. Further to this, there would be need for non-repudiation, access control and privacy. Access Control Approaches The first way in which e-com merce has been secured and protected against fraud is through access control. Physically, access control would involve the restriction of an unauthorized person into a building, property or room. In a similar manner, e-commerce has applied several technologies that control access to Internet resources, including authorization, authentication and audit (Farshchi, Gharib and Ziyaee, 2011). The model in this case entails the subjects, these being entities that could perform an action on the system, and objects, these being entities to which access needs to be controlled. Both of these should be taken as software entities as opposed to human users since a human user would only have an impact on the system through software entities on which they have control. First, user IDs, passwords, biometrics and tokens have been used to authenticate an individual. As observed by Mohapatra (2013), authentication involves what the user knows such as a password, what a user possesses such as a token o r what the user is, such as biometric characteristic. The user ID/password approach verifies a user against a set of ID and password. This has however been noted to be the least secure technique in e-commerce because of the threat of guessing, eavesdropping, external disclosure, host compromise and replay attacks (Schneider, 2011). Thus, user IDs and passwords could be combined with physical tokens, creating a multiple factor authentication so as to